{"id":120965,"date":"2023-01-26T17:00:05","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T17:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sumfinity.com\/uncategorized-cs\/qatar\/"},"modified":"2026-05-23T15:12:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-23T15:12:44","slug":"ktery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sumfinity.com\/cs\/travel\/qatar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kter\u00fd?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Katar \u2013 jeho historie, kultura a sou\u010dasnost<\/h1>\n

autor: Daria Trinkhaus<\/em><\/h6>\n

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Katar se v uplynul\u00e9m roce proslavil p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta ve fotbale 2022, kter\u00e9 se tam kon\u00e1. Ve skute\u010dnosti je Katar prvn\u00ed muslimskou zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00e1 po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta ve fotbale. V posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika t\u00fddnech jsme v\u0161ak zaznamenali p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed kritiku t\u00e9to zem\u011b, a to navzdory obrovsk\u00e9mu \u00fasil\u00ed Katarc\u016f vyrovnat se s t\u00edmto nelehk\u00fdm \u00fakolem. Tento text byl proto naps\u00e1n na po\u010dest \u00fasil\u00ed v\u0161ech, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bli k tomu, aby se tato ud\u00e1lost mohla uskute\u010dnit.<\/p>\n

\"West<\/a>
Dauh\u00e1, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Kataru, v noci. Panoramatick\u00fd pohled na panorama<\/figcaption><\/figure> West Bay<\/p>\n

Kritika Kataru se t\u00fdk\u00e1 hlavn\u011b p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f tamn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch podm\u00ednek p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed stav\u011bli stadiony a ve\u0161kerou infrastrukturu pot\u0159ebnou pro mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta ve fotbale v roce 2022. A hej! Nemysl\u00edm si, \u017ee v\u00edm v\u0161echno. A ano \u2013 katarsk\u00e1 kultura se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch ohledech li\u0161\u00ed od \u201ez\u00e1padn\u00ed kultury\u201c. A ano, ulice se hem\u017eily lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed se potili p\u0159i stavb\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161eho. Ale v\u00edte co? V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsme v Dauh\u00e1 potkali, byla \u0161\u0165astn\u00e1, \u017ee dostala pr\u00e1ci, a up\u0159ednost\u0148ovala Katar p\u0159ed, \u0159ekn\u011bme, Dubaj\u00ed<\/a>. Souhlas\u00edm se v\u0161emi katarsk\u00fdmi pravidly? Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u017ee ne, ale tak\u00e9 ch\u00e1pu, pro\u010d existuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Z n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy t\u00e9to zem\u011b jsme si odnesli pozitivn\u00ed dojmy a mus\u00edme p\u0159iznat, \u017ee n\u00e1s \u201em\u00edstn\u00ed\u201c velmi v\u0159ele p\u0159iv\u00edtali. Nejd\u0159\u00edve v\u0161ak kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed: p\u0159i n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Kataru jsme se \u0159\u00eddili t\u00edm, \u017ee jsme na n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b u n\u011bkoho doma, a proto budeme respektovat tamn\u00ed pravidla i samotn\u00e9 hostitele.<\/p>\n

Z\u016fsta\u0148te otev\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di Kataru<\/h3>\n

Hlavn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou je respektovat rozd\u00edly a nesna\u017eit se nikoho n\u00e1sil\u00edm m\u011bnit. Lid\u00e9 se m\u011bn\u00ed sami od sebe a m\u011bn\u00ed se i zem\u011b spolu se sv\u00fdmi kulturami. Kdyby se ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku a ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi vnucoval jedin\u00fd vzorec chov\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u011br zm\u011bny, \u017eili bychom v opravdu nudn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

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V\u011b\u0159\u00edme, \u017ee kritiku \u010di konflikty lze n\u011bkdy zm\u00edrnit pomoc\u00ed znalost\u00ed a porozum\u011bn\u00ed. To druh\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m respektov\u00e1n\u00ed. Proto mi tento \u010dl\u00e1nek u\u017e n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed v hlav\u011b.<\/p>\n

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Katar \u2013 po\u010d\u00e1tky<\/h2>\n\"Al<\/a>\n

Nejprve jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed historie Kataru. Samotn\u00e1 historie nen\u00ed jasn\u00e1. Mnoho zdroj\u016f ji popisuje z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f pohledu a je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 stanovit jednu verzi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. Mus\u00edme si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee Katarci poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z bedu\u00ednsk\u00fdch rodin, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto nebyly v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na jedno m\u00edsto. Bedu\u00edni \u017eili po stalet\u00ed roztrou\u0161eni po katarsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b. Za takov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 m\u00edt jeden spole\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zde uv\u00e1d\u00edm odkazy na t\u0159i z d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f informac\u00ed o Kataru: web Visit Qatar<\/a>, Encyklopedii Britannica<\/a> a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b Wikipedii<\/a>. Pokud se tedy chcete do t\u00e9matu pono\u0159it hloub\u011bji, p\u0159eji v\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed!<\/p>\n

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Pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b ne\u010detli p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o Kataru na Sumfinity<\/a> a teprve za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed pozn\u00e1vat tuto zemi, je zde kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed. Katar je st\u00e1t v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Asii, kter\u00fd se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na mal\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b jm\u00e9nem \u201eKatar\u201c na severov\u00fdchodn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Arabsk\u00e9ho poloostrova. Na jihu hrani\u010d\u00ed se Sa\u00fadskou Ar\u00e1bi\u00ed, na severu s Ir\u00e1kem a na v\u00fdchod\u011b s Persk\u00fdm z\u00e1livem. Od Bahrajnu ho odd\u011bluje \u00fa\u017eina v Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu.<\/p>\n

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A\u010dkoli se m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t, \u017ee Katar je relativn\u011b mlad\u00fd st\u00e1t, ve skute\u010dnosti sah\u00e1 historie t\u00e9to zem\u011b a\u017e do d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob. Katar a \u010d\u00e1sti Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bie byly os\u00eddleny lidmi ji\u017e p\u0159ed zhruba 50 000 lety. Potvrzuj\u00ed to archeologick\u00e9 vykop\u00e1vky \u2013 \u010detn\u00e1 t\u00e1bo\u0159i\u0161t\u011b a n\u00e1stroje z doby kamenn\u00e9. Prvn\u00ed civilizac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se v t\u00e9to oblasti objevila v neolitu, byla Mezopot\u00e1mie.<\/p>\n

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Historii t\u00e9to oblasti lze rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00fdch obdob\u00ed: p\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed (p\u0159ed rokem 700 n. l.), isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed (po roce 700 n. l.) a modern\u00ed obdob\u00ed (po roce 1800).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\"Al<\/a>\n

P\u0159edisl\u00e1msk\u00e1 \u00e9ra<\/h3>\n

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O prvn\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e jsme se ji\u017e zm\u00ednili: lidsk\u00e9 os\u00eddlen\u00ed Kataru sah\u00e1 a\u017e 50 000 let do minulosti. Katarsk\u00fd poloostrov byl tak\u00e9 kol\u00e9bkou kultury doby bronzov\u00e9, kter\u00e1 se datuje zhruba do obdob\u00ed mezi lety 3000 p\u0159. n. l. a 2200 p\u0159. n. l. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b a a\u017e do p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b roku 3000 p\u0159. n. l. se jednalo o v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed centrum, kde se zbo\u017e\u00ed vym\u011b\u0148ovalo za \u0159emesln\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vek z t\u00e9to doby se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v oblasti Al Khor.<\/p>\n

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V ran\u00e9m obdob\u00ed os\u00eddlov\u00e1n\u00ed byl poloostrov centrem n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b Seleukovsk\u00e9, Parthsk\u00e9 a S\u00e1s\u00e1novsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed<\/h3>\n

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V roce 628 n. l. p\u0159ijal isl\u00e1m Mundhir bin Sawa Al Tamimi, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd vl\u00e1dce oblasti Al Hasa na Katarsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b. Touto ud\u00e1lost\u00ed zapo\u010dala islamizace m\u00edstn\u00edch kmen\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Krom\u011b n\u011bkolika dochovan\u00fdch pramen\u016f a pam\u00e1tek v\u0161ak o t\u00e9to etap\u011b v\u00fdvoje Kataru v\u00edme jen velmi m\u00e1lo. Je to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee poloostrov ob\u00fdvalo jen n\u011bkolik kmen\u016f. Je v\u0161ak zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee od 8. stolet\u00ed se tato oblast stala v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm centrem obchodu s perlami a velbloudy.<\/p>\n

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Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zlom pro Katarsk\u00fd poloostrov nastal ve st\u0159edov\u011bku a pozd\u011bji v obdob\u00ed renesance v Evrop\u011b. A bylo to z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti z\u00e1sluhou p\u0159\u00edjezdu evropsk\u00fdch n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

V roce 1507 z\u00edskali Portugalci kontrolu nad \u0161esti pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edmi m\u011bsty na z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Indie (v\u010detn\u011b Kutch) a nav\u00e1zali obchodn\u00ed styky s Malakkou. V okoln\u00edch oblastech vybudovali pevnosti, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Diu (1531), Damanu (1555), Ag\u0159e (1556) a Bombaji (1662). Britsk\u00e1 V\u00fdchodoindick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost n\u00e1sledovala jejich p\u0159\u00edkladu a v roce 1608 zde zalo\u017eila obchodn\u00ed stanici. Ob\u011b zem\u011b m\u011bly v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv na ekonomiku a kulturu Kataru.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

V roce 1515 (921 AH) vedl Manuel I. Portugalsk\u00fd invazi do katarsk\u00fdch m\u011bst a vesnic s arm\u00e1dou \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed 1 800 mu\u017e\u016f. Portugalsk\u00e9 s\u00edly dok\u00e1zaly obsadit cel\u00e9 katarsk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Dauh\u00e1. Portugalci v\u0161ak nebyli jedin\u00ed, kdo tou\u017eil po dobyt\u00ed Kataru. V 16. stolet\u00ed panovala mezi Portugalci a Osmany zna\u010dn\u00e1 rivalita, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed z\u00e1jem se soust\u0159edil na oblast Bahrajnu, kterou Portugalci okupovali v letech 1521\u20131602. Osman\u00e9 tuto oblast znovu dobyli, ale nakonec je v 70. letech 16. stolet\u00ed \u0161ejk z kmene Banu Khalid vytla\u010dil z Al-Hasy.<\/p>\n

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Modern\u00ed \u00e9ra Kataru<\/h3>\n

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To v\u0161ak nen\u00ed cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh napjat\u00fdch vztah\u016f mezi Katarem a Osmanskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed. Osmansk\u00e9 jednotky, kter\u00e9 okupovaly sousedn\u00ed provincii Al-\u1e24as\u0101 v Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bii, obsadily Katar v roce 1871. Katar se z osmansk\u00e9 okupace osvobodil a\u017e po znovudobyt\u00ed Al-\u1e24as\u0101 rodem Saud\u016f v roce 1913. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b vstoupila na sc\u00e9nu Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie. Britov\u00e9 v roce 1916 podepsali s katarsk\u00fdm v\u016fdcem smlouvu, kter\u00e1 jim v\u00fdm\u011bnou za britskou ochranu zajistila kontrolu nad zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politikou zem\u011b.<\/p>\n\"Qanat<\/a>\n

V roce 1971 v\u0161ak Katar pod veden\u00edm \u0161ejka Khalify bin Hamada bin Abdull\u00e1ha Al Thaniho z\u00edskal nez\u00e1vislost na Brit\u00e1nii a stal se autonomn\u00edm emir\u00e1tem v r\u00e1mci nov\u011b vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9ho St\u00e1tu Katar. V roce 1986 se Katar stal \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm \u010dlenem Ligy arabsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Spr\u00e1va v\u011bc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a obyvatelstvo Kataru<\/h2>\n

Katar je dnes suver\u00e9nn\u00edm st\u00e1tem. Rodina Thani vl\u00e1dne Kataru od doby, kdy Mohammed bin Thani podepsal smlouvu s Brity, kter\u00e1 uznala samostatn\u00fd status t\u00e9to oblasti. Katar je konstitu\u010dn\u00ed monarchie, v n\u00ed\u017e je em\u00edr hlavou st\u00e1tu i vl\u00e1dy. V roce 2003 se konalo referendum, v n\u011bm\u017e 98 % hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch schv\u00e1lilo \u00fastavu. Em\u00edr jmenuje p\u0159edsedu vl\u00e1dy z \u0159ad vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed rodiny. Em\u00edrem, kter\u00fd vl\u00e1dne od roku 1995, je Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. P\u0159edsedou vl\u00e1dy je Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\"Camels<\/a>\n

Podle odhad\u016f Odboru pro s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu Ministerstva pro rozvojov\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a statistiku (MDPS) \u010dinil po\u010det obyvatel Kataru k 31. \u010dervenci 2017 2 043 693. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee pouze 313 000 lid\u00ed jsou p\u016fvodn\u00ed Katarci. Zbytek obyvatel Kataru p\u0159i\u0161el do t\u00e9to oblasti z ekonomick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Katarov\u00e1 ekonomika<\/h2>\n

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V roce 1961 se Katar p\u0159ipojil ke Spojen\u00fdm arabsk\u00fdm emir\u00e1t\u016fm a spole\u010dn\u011b zalo\u017eili Radu pro spolupr\u00e1ci v Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu (GCC). V roce 2001 se Katar stal \u010dlenem Organizace zem\u00ed vyv\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch ropu (OPEC). Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zdroj\u016f je Katar nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvozcem zkapaln\u011bn\u00e9ho zemn\u00edho plynu na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\"Msheireb<\/a>\n

Ekonomika Kataru v posledn\u00edch letech rychle rostla, a to hlavn\u011b d\u00edky z\u00e1sob\u00e1m zemn\u00edho plynu, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed asi 80 % jeho v\u00fdnos\u016f z exportu. D\u00edky zahrani\u010dn\u00edm investic\u00edm se v\u0161ak zemi poda\u0159ilo diverzifikovat do dal\u0161\u00edch odv\u011btv\u00ed. Mezi n\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed pod\u00edly v takov\u00fdch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech, jako jsou Volkswagen AG (OTC:VLKAY), HSBC Holdings PLC (LON:HSBA), Barclays PLC (LON:BARC), Credit Suisse Group AG (SIX:CSGN), Glencore International PLC (OTC:GLNCY) a \u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France SA (EPA:EDF). Katarsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed rodina je tak\u00e9 jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vlastn\u00edk\u016f pozemk\u016f ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii a v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 na Empire State Building.<\/p>\n

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\u010casopis Forbes ozna\u010dil Katar za zemi s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm HDP na obyvatele na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00e9 v roce 2013 \u010dinilo 129 000 dolar\u016f na osobu (p\u0159i celkov\u00e9m po\u010dtu obyvatel 23 milion\u016f).<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho je Katar podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch zdroj\u016f pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednu z nejbohat\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed sv\u011bta, co se t\u00fd\u010de HDP na obyvatele \u2013 disponuje likvidn\u00edmi aktivy v hodnot\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e 250 miliard dolar\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou k dispozici pro investice. Nav\u00edc se Katar um\u00edstil na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku miliard\u00e1\u0159\u016f \u010dasopisu Forbes za rok 2018 (s 25 miliard\u00e1\u0159i).<\/p>\n

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Prosperitu t\u00e9to zem\u011b lze vyc\u00edtit z drobn\u00fdch detail\u016f. V\u011bd\u011bli jste nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u017ee voda, elekt\u0159ina a telefonn\u00ed hovory jsou v Kataru pro p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatele zdarma? Palivo tak\u00e9 stoj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nic. S Nicem jsme si n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t promnuli o\u010di, kdy\u017e jsme se d\u00edvali na ceny na benz\u00ednov\u00e9 stanici. \u017divot v pou\u0161ti m\u00e1 v\u0161ak i sv\u00e9 stinn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. 90 % potravin se do Kataru dov\u00e1\u017e\u00ed z jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed, a proto jsou drah\u00e9. A i kdy\u017e se vl\u00e1da sna\u017e\u00ed z\u0159\u00eddit efektivn\u00ed farmy, nen\u00ed to snadn\u00fd ani levn\u00fd \u00fakol. St\u00e1le mluv\u00edme o zemi uprost\u0159ed pou\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

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Odkud poch\u00e1z\u00ed voda v Kataru?<\/h2>\n

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Co n\u00e1s ohromilo, je zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm Katar z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 vodu \u2013 st\u00e1le se toti\u017e bav\u00edme o zemi, kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed (doslova) uprost\u0159ed pou\u0161t\u011b. Odhaduje se, \u017ee v Kataru spadne ro\u010dn\u011b pouze 82 mm sr\u00e1\u017eek. V minulosti bedu\u00edni filtrovali mo\u0159skou vodu nebo vodu ze studn\u00ed p\u0159es kus l\u00e1tky. Byl to extr\u00e9mn\u011b \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd proces. A metoda, kter\u00e1 byla m\u00e1lo u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1, pokud jde o chov zv\u00ed\u0159at a p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin pro v\u00fd\u017eivu. V roce 1953 byla proto v Dauh\u00e1 uvedena do provozu prvn\u00ed odsolovac\u00ed stanice. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku byla voda do dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed dov\u00e1\u017eena n\u00e1kladn\u00edmi vozy, dokud nebyla vybudov\u00e1na profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 infrastruktura.<\/p>\n\"Qatar<\/a>\n

Dnes poch\u00e1z\u00ed 99 % vody v dom\u00e1cnostech z odsolov\u00e1n\u00ed. Probl\u00e9mem t\u00e9to metody z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vody je, \u017ee vy\u017eaduje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie. Jeliko\u017e v\u0161ak Katar le\u017e\u00ed na lo\u017eisc\u00edch zemn\u00edho plynu a ropy, nejde v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ani tak o finan\u010dn\u00ed, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e o ekologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Ekologick\u00fd probl\u00e9m souvis\u00ed s tvorbou soln\u00e9ho roztoku po odsolen\u00ed, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsobuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 environment\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my. Jak tyto v\u00fdzvy \u0159e\u0161it, zejm\u00e9na s ohledem na rostouc\u00ed po\u010det obyvatel Kataru? Odpov\u011b\u010f nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt snadn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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Bedu\u00edni a jejich kultura<\/h2>\n

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P\u0159i cestov\u00e1n\u00ed po Kataru je nezbytn\u00e9 sezn\u00e1mit se s histori\u00ed a kulturou t\u00e9to \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 zem\u011b. P\u016fvodn\u00edmi obyvateli Kataru jsou bedu\u00edni, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou pohostinnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jejich \u0161t\u011bdrost je legend\u00e1rn\u00ed: \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee kdy\u017e nav\u0161t\u00edv\u00edte Katar jako host, nab\u00eddnou v\u00e1m v\u0161e, co maj\u00ed \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b j\u00eddla a p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161\u00ed. Pokud v\u00e1m auto porouch\u00e1 n\u011bkde u silnice, nemus\u00edte se b\u00e1t; pokud to uvid\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fd z bedu\u00edn\u016f, ur\u010dit\u011b v\u00e1m p\u0159ijde pomoci s opravou a p\u0159itom si s v\u00e1mi popov\u00edd\u00e1 u \u0161\u00e1lku \u010daje nebo k\u00e1vy (nebo oboj\u00edho).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bedu\u00edni byli tradi\u010dn\u011b ko\u010dovn\u00ed pastevci ovc\u00ed, koz a skotu. Obvykle obchodovali s jin\u00fdmi kmeny s masem, ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky a vlnou. Bedu\u00edni \u017eili ve stanech utkan\u00fdch ze zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed srsti. Tyto stany se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed bayt al sha'ar. P\u0159ed stalet\u00edmi bedu\u00edni obchodovali s velbloudy. Chovali v\u0161ak tato zv\u00ed\u0159ata tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli p\u0159eprav\u011b, ml\u00e9ku a n\u011bkdy i masu.<\/p>\n

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Bedu\u00edny vl\u00e1dl v\u016fdce \u2013 \u0161ejk. Moc se d\u011bdila z otce na syna. \u017den\u00e1m a mu\u017e\u016fm v bedu\u00ednsk\u00fdch rodin\u00e1ch byly p\u0159id\u011bleny tradi\u010dn\u00ed role. Mu\u017ei se starali o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata, obchod a obranu kmene. Krom\u011b toho byli tito mu\u017ei tak\u00e9 lovci \u2013 lovili zv\u00ed\u0159ata s pomoc\u00ed ocho\u010den\u00fdch sokol\u016f. \u017deny se staraly o dom\u00e1cnost, va\u0159en\u00ed a v\u00fdchovu d\u011bt\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho vyr\u00e1b\u011bly kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 textilie a \u0161ily od\u011bvy.<\/p>\n

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Bedu\u00edni jsou tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou state\u010dnost\u00ed a dobrodru\u017en\u00fdm duchem; v pr\u016fb\u011bhu d\u011bjin state\u010dn\u011b bojovali proti \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm a ctili p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tradice, jako je pohostinnost \u2013 a to i v dob\u00e1ch, kdy to nebylo bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 ani praktick\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed v Kataru<\/h2>\n\"Al<\/a>\n

Isl\u00e1m je dominantn\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm a Katarci jsou p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b sunnit\u0161t\u00ed muslimov\u00e9. B\u011bhem pobytu v Kataru usly\u0161\u00edte p\u011btkr\u00e1t denn\u011b vol\u00e1n\u00ed k modlitb\u011b. Poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e jsme zaslechli ten pronikav\u00fd hlas volaj\u00edc\u00ed k modlitb\u011b z nedalek\u00fdch me\u0161it, b\u011bhal n\u00e1m mr\u00e1z po z\u00e1dech. Na tomto vol\u00e1n\u00ed je n\u011bco tak dojemn\u00e9ho a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 prastar\u00e9ho, \u017ee se zd\u00e1, jako by se t\u00edm cel\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra chv\u011bla. Katarci se modl\u00ed za \u00fasvitu, v poledne, v odpoledn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch, p\u0159i z\u00e1padu slunce a ve\u010der. P\u0159i modlitb\u011b se tradi\u010dn\u011b obrac\u00ed sm\u011brem k Mekce (zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako Makkah) v Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bii.<\/p>\n

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N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z v\u00e1s mo\u017en\u00e1 u\u017e o ramad\u00e1nu sly\u0161eli. B\u011bhem ramad\u00e1nu (dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce lun\u00e1rn\u00edho roku) muslimov\u00e9 denn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed p\u016fst od v\u00fdchodu do z\u00e1padu slunce. Toto obdob\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd \u010das pro duchovn\u00ed zamy\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 posilovat soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vazby mezi lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed p\u016fst. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b mnoho lid\u00ed p\u0159ed z\u00e1padem slunce konzumuje vydatn\u00e9 j\u00eddlo zvan\u00e9 iftar (co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201ep\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed p\u016fstu\u201c). Po z\u00e1padu slunce na Eid al-Fitr (konec ramad\u00e1nu) Katarci slav\u00ed p\u0159i rodinn\u00fdch setk\u00e1n\u00edch, kde si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed d\u00e1rky s p\u0159\u00e1teli a sousedy. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at, kter\u00e1 se tradi\u010dn\u011b konzumuj\u00ed po Eid al-Adha.<\/p>\n

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Oble\u010den\u00ed v Kataru<\/h2>\n

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Katarci se obl\u00e9kaj\u00ed velmi skromn\u011b. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b nos\u00ed mu\u017ei obvykle dlouh\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 r\u00f3by a \u017eeny \u010dern\u00e9 \u0161aty, kter\u00e9 na ve\u0159ejnosti zakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed jejich t\u011bla i tv\u00e1\u0159e. Katarci miluj\u00ed sv\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00ed od\u011bvy, ale jsou tak\u00e9 otev\u0159en\u00ed zm\u011bn\u00e1m a nov\u00fdm trend\u016fm ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Pokud se nenach\u00e1zej\u00ed na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech, mohou se \u017eeny obl\u00e9kat modern\u011b, av\u0161ak d\u016fstojn\u011b. Oble\u010den\u00ed pro \u017eeny je konzervativn\u00ed a skromn\u00e9, zat\u00edmco od mu\u017e\u016f se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee budou nosit dlouh\u00e9 kalhoty nebo d\u017e\u00edny s ko\u0161ilemi, kter\u00e9 v\u017edy zakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed ramena a pa\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Mezi nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zna\u010dky v Kataru pat\u0159\u00ed Al-Zaytoon, Mango a Zara. Katar je mal\u00e1 zem\u011b, tak\u017ee v Dauh\u00e1 snadno najdete obchody s oble\u010den\u00edm z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. N\u00e1kupn\u00ed centra v Dauh\u00e1 se sv\u00fdm vzhledem ani typem obchod\u016f nijak neli\u0161\u00ed od jin\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00edch obchodn\u00edch dom\u016f. Nav\u00edc tam najdete i zn\u00e1mou galerii La Fayette! Pokud v\u0161ak chcete koupit tradi\u010dn\u00ed katarsk\u00e9 oble\u010den\u00ed, nejlep\u0161\u00ed nab\u00eddka na v\u00e1s \u010dek\u00e1 na trhu Souq Waqif (na doporu\u010den\u00ed na\u0161eho pr\u016fvodce).<\/p>\n\"Lafayette<\/a>\n

Kdybych mohla poradit, doporu\u010dila bych v\u00e1m, abyste se obl\u00e9kali um\u00edrn\u011bn\u011b. Ano, Nico miluje sv\u00e9 kra\u0165asy a j\u00e1 miluji sv\u00e9 letn\u00ed \u0161aty, ale celkov\u011b n\u00e1m vyhovovalo nosit oble\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zakr\u00fdvalo na\u0161e t\u011bla. Za prv\u00e9: Katar je z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pou\u0161\u0165 a nah\u00e9 t\u011blo se m\u016f\u017ee pod intenzivn\u00edm sluncem rychle sp\u00e1lit. Za druh\u00e9 (velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9): zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch p\u0159ednost\u00ed (;-)) na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech je projevem \u00facty k hostiteli. Celkov\u011b je Katar velmi, velmi bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 zem\u011b, ale p\u0159itahov\u00e1n\u00ed pozornosti sv\u00fdm oble\u010den\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdm z\u00e1\u017eitkem.<\/p>\n

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J\u00eddlo v Kataru<\/h2>\n

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A na z\u00e1v\u011br to nejlep\u0161\u00ed! Tohle je asi moje nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u010dl\u00e1nku. J\u00eddlo v Kataru je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed kultury a hned si toho v\u0161imnete. J\u00eddlo je velmi pikantn\u00ed a m\u00e1 bohatou chu\u0165, co\u017e ocen\u00ed zejm\u00e9na ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed r\u00e1di j\u00eddlo s trochou \u0161mrncu.<\/p>\n

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J\u00eddlo se v Kataru pova\u017euje za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd okam\u017eik dne, zejm\u00e9na kdy\u017e m\u00e1te doma hosty nebo kdy\u017e se sejde rodina. Je lep\u0161\u00ed se p\u0159i j\u00eddle nesp\u011bchat, proto\u017ee podle katarsk\u00fdch zvyklost\u00ed by to bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nezdvo\u0159il\u00e9. Mezi nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hlavn\u00ed j\u00eddla pat\u0159\u00ed r\u00fd\u017ee s ku\u0159ec\u00edm nebo jehn\u011b\u010d\u00edm masem, \u010do\u010dka s masem a r\u00fd\u017e\u00ed, du\u0161en\u00e1 ryba (obvykle kanic), grilovan\u00e1 ryba nebo \u0161i\u0161 taouk (marinovan\u00fd ku\u0159ec\u00ed kebab).<\/p>\n

Stravov\u00e1n\u00ed v Kataru<\/h3>\n

V Dauh\u00e1 i mimo katarsk\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto n\u00e1s zaujala tak\u00e9 rozmanitost restaurac\u00ed a nab\u00edzen\u00fdch j\u00eddel. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee v Kataru \u017eije tolik p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f, odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed se tato rozmanitost i v nab\u00eddce restaurac\u00ed. B\u011bhem pobytu v Kataru jsme ochutnali autentickou palestinskou kuchyni, jemenskou kuchyni (j\u00eddlo se tam j\u00ed rukama, zat\u00edmco se sed\u00ed na zemi), indickou kuchyni (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00ed indick\u00e9 j\u00eddlo, jak\u00e9 jsme kdy m\u011bli), \u00edr\u00e1nskou kuchyni a tak d\u00e1le. Po\u010det restaurac\u00ed a jejich rozmanitost je opravdu ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed. A krom\u011b typick\u00fdch masov\u00fdch pokrm\u016f jsem v\u017edy na\u0161la i n\u011bjak\u00e9 vegetari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 varianty (ani jsem netu\u0161ila, \u017ee existuje tolik druh\u016f hummusu!). Z\u00e1v\u011br: na kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek v Kataru budeme pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vzpom\u00ednat po zbytek \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\"Souq<\/a>\n

Pokud jste v Dauh\u00e1, ur\u010dit\u011b nav\u0161tivte Souq Waqif. Pr\u00e1v\u011b sem chod\u00ed nakupovat Katarci. Najdete zde obchody s neuv\u011b\u0159itelnou nab\u00eddkou m\u00edstn\u00edch sladkost\u00ed, datl\u00ed a ko\u0159en\u00ed. Po n\u00e1kupech na tomto tradi\u010dn\u00edm trhu se na\u0161e kufry najednou naplnily r\u016fzn\u00fdmi datlemi a katarsk\u00fdmi r\u016f\u017eemi, kter\u00e9 \u010daji dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u00fa\u017easnou v\u016fni.<\/p>\n

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N\u00e1poje a alkohol v Kataru<\/h2>\n

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Nab\u00eddka n\u00e1poj\u016f pod\u00e1van\u00fdch k j\u00eddlu se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it v z\u00e1vislosti na tom, kde j\u00edte (nap\u0159. zda se jedn\u00e1 o fast food nebo restauraci s obsluhou). Nealkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje, jako je Coca-Cola nebo Fanta, jsou obvykle k dispozici ve v\u0161ech restaurac\u00edch.<\/p>\n

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V Kataru se alkohol nepije. Pro n\u00e1s to nebyl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Naopak, bylo opravdu osv\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed sledovat, jak lid\u00e9 v p\u00e1tek slav\u00ed, jak dok\u00e1\u017eou tan\u010dit a skv\u011ble se bavit i bez alkoholu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 i proto jsem se po setm\u011bn\u00ed na ulic\u00edch Dauh\u00e1 c\u00edtila bezpe\u010dn\u011bji ne\u017e v mnoha evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech. Ve\u010der bylo m\u011bsto pln\u00e9 dav\u016f sm\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch se lid\u00ed a mezi nimi nebyla ani stopa po agresivit\u011b \u010di nevhodn\u00e9m chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 slovo<\/h2>\n

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Pobyt v Kataru byl jako n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva jin\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Sv\u011bta, kde m\u00edstn\u00ed kulturu je\u0161t\u011b neroz\u0159edila v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 globalizace. Spole\u010densk\u00e9 z\u00e1sady a hodnotov\u00fd syst\u00e9m vych\u00e1zej\u00ed nejen z isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 ze stalet\u00e9, fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed bedu\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradice. Ano, n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u011bci se mohou zd\u00e1t trochu odli\u0161n\u00e9 od z\u00e1padn\u00ed kultury, ale pokud je p\u0159ijmete takov\u00e9, jak\u00e9 jsou, m\u016f\u017eete se skute\u010dn\u011b ocitnout jako v star\u00e9 arabsk\u00e9 poh\u00e1dce. V dokumentu<\/a> Deutsche Welle<\/a> jsem sly\u0161el, \u017ee n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva Souq Waqif je z\u00e1\u017eitkem, kter\u00fd se nejv\u00edce bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed pocitu, jako byste se ocitli v \u201eP\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu 1001 noc\u00ed\u201c. Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru je pono\u0159en\u00ed se do cel\u00e9 katarsk\u00e9 kultury jako pro\u017eitek skoku z reality starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch poh\u00e1dek do futuristick\u00e9 reality najednou. Takov\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek jsme nem\u011bli, dokud jsme nenav\u0161t\u00edvili Katar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Katar \u2013 jeho historie, kultura a sou\u010dasnost autor: Daria Trinkhaus \u00a0 Katar se v uplynul\u00e9m roce proslavil p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta ve fotbale 2022, kter\u00e9 se tam kon\u00e1. Ve skute\u010dnosti je Katar prvn\u00ed muslimskou zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00e1 po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 mistrovstv\u00ed sv\u011bta ve fotbale. V posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika t\u00fddnech jsme v\u0161ak zaznamenali p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed kritiku t\u00e9to zem\u011b, a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":108766,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_templately_pack_id":"","_templately_imported_at":"","_templately_source":"","_templately_import_session_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16450,20659],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-120965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cestovni-pruvodci","category-katar-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nKter\u00fd? & Pr\u016fvodce po Dauh\u00e1 \u2013 kultura, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, j\u00eddlo, dress code, historie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chyst\u00e1te se do Kataru a Dauh\u00e1? 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